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When a company goes public, it sets an offer price for its shares. Underwriters analyze the company's financials, growth prospects, and comparable IPOs, and create a preliminary valuation and a target price range for the shares. Investors submit indications of interest, and underwriters set a price they believe will entice investors to buy their shares and raise money for the company.
In general, underwriters aim to set a price that will achieve a 10% to 15% return on the first day of trading. While an IPO can flop when it is priced too high, companies also run the risk of leaving money on the table by pricing shares too low. When demand is higher than expected, and the share price doubles or triples in price on the first day, companies are losing out on foregone capital that could have been used for expansion, research and development, or paying down debt.
Over the past several decades, there have been dozens of instances where companies leave hundreds of millions of dollars on the table by pricing their IPO too low. In 2021, Bumble issued 50 million shares of its stock at $43.00 a share. Bumble stock closed at $70.31 on its first trading day, which -- at an increase in $27.31 per share for 50 million shares -- generated $1.4 billion in foregone capital that could have boosted the company's coffers. Bumble's underpriced IPO ranks ninth among all companies. A closer look at the data reveals the most underpriced IPOs of all time.
To determine the most underpriced IPOs of all time, My Investing News reviewed historical data on IPOs from the University of Florida, IPOScoop.com, Bloomberg, Thomson Financial, Dealogic, WSJ.com, and the S.E.C.’s Edgar electronic database of 424B forms. Companies were ranked based on the difference between the closing price on the first day of trading of the IPO and the offer price, multiplied by the number of shares sold -- a measure of "money left on the table" in an initial public offering. Supplemental data on current stock price is from Yahoo Finance.
50. Nkarta (NKTX)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $418,600,000
- IPO: 14,000,000 shares at $18.00 per share (July 10, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $47.90
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 516,056
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $2.00
- Industry: Biotechnology
49. Jazztel Plc (JAZZ)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $420,162,188
- IPO: 10,125,000 shares at $17.44 per share (December 9, 1999)
- Share price at first-day market close: $58.94
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 953,078
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $114.86
- Industry: Biotechnology
48. Mobileye NV (MBLY)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $427,068,000
- IPO: 35,589,000 shares at $25.00 per share (August 1, 2014)
- Share price at first-day market close: $37.00
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 4,895,973
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $16.27
- Industry: Auto Parts
47. Mastercard (MA)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $430,646,384
- IPO: 61,520,912 shares at $39.00 per share (May 24, 2006)
- Share price at first-day market close: $46.00
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 2,767,463
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $555.61
- Industry: Credit Services
46. Zoetis (ZTS)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $431,361,000
- IPO: 86,100,000 shares at $26.00 per share (January 31, 2013)
- Share price at first-day market close: $31.01
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 2,949,311
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $150.03
- Industry: Drug Manufacturers - Specialty & Generic
45. Crowdstrike (CRWD)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $432,000,000
- IPO: 18,000,000 shares at $34.00 per share (June 12, 2019)
- Share price at first-day market close: $58.00
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 3,608,493
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $469.83
- Industry: Software - Infrastructure
44. BigCommerce Holdings (BIGC)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $435,374,403
- IPO: 9,019,565 shares at $24.00 per share (August 5, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $72.27
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 777,700
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $4.99
- Industry: Software - Application
43. Certara (CERT)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $438,149,400
- IPO: 29,055,000 shares at $23.00 per share (December 11, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $38.08
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 1,872,233
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $10.54
- Industry: Health Information Services
42. Lemonade (LMND)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $444,510,000
- IPO: 11,000,000 shares at $29.00 per share (July 2, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $69.41
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 2,251,921
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $40.73
- Industry: Insurance - Property & Casualty
41. Shoals Technologies Group (SHLS)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $460,460,000
- IPO: 77,000,000 shares at $25.00 per share (January 27, 2021)
- Share price at first-day market close: $30.98
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 6,844,796
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $5.70
- Industry: Solar
40. Workday (WDAY)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $470,697,500
- IPO: 22,750,000 shares at $28.00 per share (October 11, 2012)
- Share price at first-day market close: $48.69
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 2,137,375
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $230.89
- Industry: Software - Application
39. nCino (NCNO)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $488,355,400
- IPO: 8,060,000 shares at $31.00 per share (July 14, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $91.59
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 1,821,318
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $30.69
- Industry: Software - Application
38. LendingClub (LC)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $488,940,000
- IPO: 58,000,000 shares at $15.00 per share (December 11, 2014)
- Share price at first-day market close: $23.43
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 1,345,938
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $13.03
- Industry: Banks - Regional
37. Toast (TOST)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $489,347,839
- IPO: 21,739,131 shares at $40.00 per share (September 22, 2021)
- Share price at first-day market close: $62.51
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 7,338,858
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $46.62
- Industry: Software - Infrastructure
36. UTStarcom (UTSI)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $501,250,000
- IPO: 5,000,000 shares at $18.00 per share (March 3, 2000)
- Share price at first-day market close: $57.25
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 3,980
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $2.50
- Industry: Communication Equipment
35. Astera Labs (ALAB)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $515,394,000
- IPO: 19,800,000 shares at $36.00 per share (March 20, 2024)
- Share price at first-day market close: $62.03
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 4,296,701
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $97.95
- Industry: Semiconductors
34. CureVac B.V. (CVAC)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $531,999,999
- IPO: 13,333,333 shares at $16.00 per share (August 14, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $55.90
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 1,203,608
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $5.40
- Industry: Biotechnology
33. Gigamedia (GIGM)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $538,630,000
- IPO: 8,830,000 shares at $27.00 per share (February 18, 2000)
- Share price at first-day market close: $88.00
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 15,830
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $1.42
- Industry: Electronic Gaming & Multimedia
32. XP Inc (XP)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $540,929,382
- IPO: 72,510,641 shares at $27.00 per share (December 11, 2019)
- Share price at first-day market close: $34.46
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 6,701,026
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $18.12
- Industry: Capital Markets
31. Blackstone Group LP (BX)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $541,328,968
- IPO: 133,333,000 shares at $31.00 per share (June 21, 2007)
- Share price at first-day market close: $35.06
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 3,839,185
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $172.49
- Industry: Asset Management
30. Charter Communications (CHTR)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $541,875,000
- IPO: 144,500,000 shares at $19.00 per share (November 9, 2099)
- Share price at first-day market close: $22.75
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 1,298,076
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $383.56
- Industry: Telecom Services
29. Zoom Video Communications (ZM)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $542,608,690
- IPO: 20,869,565 shares at $36.00 per share (April 18, 2019)
- Share price at first-day market close: $62.00
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 2,509,726
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $74.60
- Industry: Software - Application
28. Petco Health and Wellness (WOOF)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $547,200,000
- IPO: 48,000,000 shares at $18.00 per share (January 14, 2021)
- Share price at first-day market close: $29.40
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 4,168,463
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $2.97
- Industry: Specialty Retail
27. Vroom (VRM)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $550,375,000
- IPO: 21,250,000 shares at $22.00 per share (June 9, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $47.90
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 10,856
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $28.58
- Industry: Auto & Truck Dealerships
26. Intrepid Potash (IPI)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $552,000,000
- IPO: 30,000,000 shares at $32.00 per share (April 21, 2008)
- Share price at first-day market close: $50.40
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 196,871
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $33.31
- Industry: Agricultural Inputs
25. General Motors (GM)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $568,820,000
- IPO: 478,000,000 shares at $33.00 per share (November 18, 2010)
- Share price at first-day market close: $34.19
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 9,920,913
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $53.21
- Industry: Auto Manufacturers
24. Genentech (DNA)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $600,000,000
- IPO: 20,000,000 shares at $97.00 per share (July 20, 2099)
- Share price at first-day market close: $127.00
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 1,254,265
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $9.76
- Industry: Biotechnology
23. Chewy (CHWY)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $604,035,000
- IPO: 46,500,000 shares at $22.00 per share (June 14, 2019)
- Share price at first-day market close: $34.99
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 7,276,198
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $38.06
- Industry: Internet Retail
22. GoodRX (GDRX)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $605,769,220
- IPO: 34,615,384 shares at $33.00 per share (September 23, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $50.50
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 1,490,791
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $4.73
- Industry: Health Information Services
21. Doximity (DOCS)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $629,100,000
- IPO: 23,300,000 shares at $26.00 per share (June 24, 2021)
- Share price at first-day market close: $53.00
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 2,425,503
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $61.60
- Industry: Health Information Services
20. Array Technologies (ARRY)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $686,375,000
- IPO: 47,500,000 shares at $22.00 per share (October 15, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $36.45
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 8,372,816
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $6.89
- Industry: Solar
19. Elanco Animal Health (ELAN)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $754,800,000
- IPO: 62,900,000 shares at $24.00 per share (September 20, 2018)
- Share price at first-day market close: $36.00
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 5,867,455
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $14.96
- Industry: Drug Manufacturers - Specialty & Generic
18. Agilent Technologies (A)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $772,650,000
- IPO: 60,600,000 shares at $30.00 per share (November 18, 2099)
- Share price at first-day market close: $42.75
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 1,989,945
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $116.36
- Industry: Diagnostics & Research
17. C3.ai (AI)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $782,595,000
- IPO: 15,500,000 shares at $42.00 per share (December 9, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $92.49
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 5,771,738
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $28.36
- Industry: Software - Infrastructure
16. PagSeguro Digital Ltd (PAGS)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $811,468,774
- IPO: 105,385,555 shares at $21.50 per share (January 24, 2018)
- Share price at first-day market close: $29.20
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 6,053,138
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $8.49
- Industry: Software - Infrastructure
15. Kenvue (KVUE)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $846,809,000
- IPO: 172,812,560 shares at $22.00 per share (May 4, 2023)
- Share price at first-day market close: $26.90
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 19,654,468
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $21.85
- Industry: Household & Personal Products
14. Abcellera Biologics (ABCL)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $939,435,000
- IPO: 24,150,000 shares at $20.00 per share (December 11, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $58.90
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 5,531,048
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $3.90
- Industry: Biotechnology
13. Goldman Sachs (GS)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $959,100,000
- IPO: 55,200,000 shares at $53.00 per share (May 4, 2099)
- Share price at first-day market close: $70.38
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 2,250,516
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $705.84
- Industry: Capital Markets
12. Akamai Technologies (AKAM)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $1,072,687,500
- IPO: 9,000,000 shares at $26.00 per share (October 29, 2099)
- Share price at first-day market close: $145.19
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 2,393,875
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $77.93
- Industry: Software - Infrastructure
11. Affirm Holdings (AFRM)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $1,189,598,400
- IPO: 24,600,000 shares at $49.00 per share (January 13, 2021)
- Share price at first-day market close: $97.24
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 6,953,755
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $69.47
- Industry: Software - Infrastructure
10. Royalty Pharma PLC (RPRX)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $1,281,747,555
- IPO: 77,681,670 shares at $28.00 per share (June 16, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $44.50
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 4,650,220
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $35.47
- Industry: Biotechnology
9. Bumble (BMBL)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $1,365,500,000
- IPO: 50,000,000 shares at $43.00 per share (February 11, 2021)
- Share price at first-day market close: $70.31
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 2,992,180
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $6.91
- Industry: Internet Content & Information
8. Snap (SNAP)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $1,496,000,000
- IPO: 200,000,000 shares at $17.00 per share (March 2, 2017)
- Share price at first-day market close: $24.48
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 37,945,363
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $9.91
- Industry: Internet Content & Information
7. United Parcel Service (UPS)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $1,586,300,000
- IPO: 87,520,000 shares at $50.00 per share (November 10, 2099)
- Share price at first-day market close: $68.13
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 5,393,590
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $99.50
- Industry: Integrated Freight & Logistics
6. Coupang (CPNG)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $1,852,500,000
- IPO: 130,000,000 shares at $35.00 per share (March 11, 2021)
- Share price at first-day market close: $49.25
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 10,265,635
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $31.15
- Industry: Internet Retail
5. DoorDash (DASH)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $2,887,830,000
- IPO: 33,000,000 shares at $102.00 per share (December 9, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $189.51
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 4,224,838
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $235.02
- Industry: Internet Retail
4. Rivian Automotive (RIVN)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $3,477,690,000
- IPO: 153,000,000 shares at $78.00 per share (November 10, 2021)
- Share price at first-day market close: $100.73
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 29,716,228
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $12.90
- Industry: Auto Manufacturers
3. Snowflake (SNOW)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $3,750,040,000
- IPO: 28,000,000 shares at $120.00 per share (September 16, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $253.93
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 4,621,858
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $211.58
- Industry: Software - Application
2. Airbnb (ABNB)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $3,937,028,063
- IPO: 51,323,531 shares at $68.00 per share (December 10, 2020)
- Share price at first-day market close: $144.71
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 5,181,045
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $139.30
- Industry: Travel Services
1. Visa (V)
- Money left on the table in IPO: $5,075,000,000
- IPO: 406,000,000 shares at $44.00 per share (March 19, 2008)
- Share price at first-day market close: $56.50
- Average daily trading volume in 2025: 6,423,405
- Closing price, July 17, 2025: $349.81
- Industry: Credit Services